I don't know about the Samsung Note 10 earphones but I can assure that ASUS ROG Cetra works in both ports.
The problem with USB C to 3.5mm adapters is that they are all different. Some have built in DAC, some do not. Some DACs might not be compatible even though you think there should be some standard.
All Android phones face the same issue because they are all built differently. This in combination with chinese manufacturers that want to make as cheap adapters as possible creates a big issue for normal consumers that don't know that there's no standard.